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Links between environment and security are an issue of heated debate in the academic community. This report looks at the role of environmental factors in increasing stress over a specific region of Central Asia, the East Caspian Sea shore of Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.

Traditionally, notion of security has primarily been conceived in terms of neutralizing military threats to the territorial integrity and political independence of the state. However, in recent years, there has been increasing emphasis placed on expanding the traditional concept of security to include non-conventional threats and factors promoting tensions and conflict.

The analysis presented here seeks to identify those environmental, socio-economic and political issues that are profoundly affecting the livelihoods of the populations and populations and could lead to instability and possibly perturbations.

Map of Population by Number and Cities in the Caspian Sea

Produced by Manana Kurtrubadze for the SOE 2018

The objective of the project is to assist Turkmenistan in diversifying and improving its access to world markets. The project involves trade facilitation and corporatization of the client, introducing the concepts of accountability and cost recovery in readiness for TSA's conversion into a commercially managed autonomous entity.

TKM: Proposed North-South Railway Project - Environmental Assessment Report. Based on its 2007 Presidential Decree, the Government of Turkmenistan (GT) signed a multilateral agreement in 2007, with its neighboring countries to construct new railway tracks to develop the North-South railway corridor for promoting regional trade, cooperation and integration. This is the region’s key route for transporting bulk goods, such as oil and oil products, mineral resources, agricultural products, and textiles.

The significance of the Project is that the proposed north-south railway line will improve Turkmenistan's accessibility to Kazakhstan, the Arabian Gulf countries, the Russian Federation, and South Asia; and increase regional trade. The Project will also contribute to sustainable economic growth in Turkmenistan and development of an integrated, efficient railway system in the region. The Project will reduce the transport cost, cut travel time, and improve accessibility to rural areas of the country. This will generate benefits beyond railway transport cost and time savings.

Results from 2016 population census in Iran providing details of population and demographics,